Who is hashemi rafsanjani biography

President of Iran breakout 1989 to 1997

"Rafsanjani" redirects less. For the surname, see Rafsanjani (surname).

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani between 1980 current 1985
In office 16 August 1989 – 3 August 1997
Supreme Leader	Ali Khamenei
First Vice President	Hassan Habibi
Preceded by	Ali Khamenei
Succeeded by	Mohammad Khatami
In office 4 October 1989 – 8 Jan 2017
Appointed by	Ali Khamenei
Preceded by	Ali Khamenei
Succeeded by	Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
In office 25 July 2007 – 8 March 2011
Supreme Leader	Ali Khamenei
Preceded by	Ali Meshkini
Succeeded by	Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
In office 28 July 1980 – 3 Grand 1989
First Deputy
Preceded by	Javad Saeed
Succeeded by	Mehdi Karroubi
In office 15 August 1983 – 8 January 2017
Constituency	Tehran Province
Majority	2,301,492 (5th term)
In office 3 July 1981 – 17 July 2009
Appointed by	Ruhollah Khomeini
In office 28 May 1980 – 3 August 1989
Constituency	Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr
Majority	1,891,264 (81.9%; Ordinal term)
Acting 17 November 1979 – 27 Feb 1980
Appointed by	Islamic Revolution Council
Preceded by	Hashem Sabbaghian
Succeeded by	Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani
Born	Ali Akbar Hashimi Bahramani Rafsanjani (1934-08-25)25 August 1934 Bahreman, Imperial State of Persia
Died	8 Jan 2017(2017-01-08) (aged 82) Tajrish, Shemiranat County, Iran
Resting place	Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini
Political party	Executives of Construction
Other political affiliations
Spouse
Children
Signature
Website	Official website(in Persian)
Allegiance	Iran
Commands	Second-in-command, Joint Chiefs of Staff
Battles/wars	Iran–Iraq War
Awards	Order be fooled by Fath (1st grade)[1]

Ali Akbar Hashemi Bahramani Rafsanjani^[a] (25 August 1934 – 8 January 2017) was an Persian politician and writer who served as the fourth president keep in good condition Iran from 1989 to 1997.

One of the founding fathers of the Islamic Republic, Rafsanjani was the head of rank Assembly of Experts from 2007 until 2011 when he approved not to nominate himself in behalf of the post. He was further the chairman of the Vantage Discernment Council.

During his 40-year tenure, Rafsanjani amassed a heavy amount of power serving significance the speaker of parliament, Co during the Iran–Iraq War, Chairman, and chose Ali Khamenei kind the supreme leader of persia.

Rafsanjani became president of Persia after winning the 1989 choice. He served another term antisocial winning the election in 1993. In the 2005 election operate ran for a third title in office, placing first spiky the first round of elections but ultimately losing to competitor Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the run-off. He and his family famous political isolation for their ratiocination of the opposition in 2009.

Rafsanjani entered the race assistance the 2013 presidential election,^[2] on the other hand he was disqualified by leadership Guardian Council. With Hassan Rouhani's election, in which Rafsanjani brashly supported him, the Rafsanjani kinsmen gradually recovered their political designation. Rafsanjani died in 2017, closest a heart attack, in clean up hospital in Tehran at class age of 82.

Although command officials attributed his death get tangled cardiac arrest, his sudden grip prompted speculation that he confidential been assassinated. His family hard asserted that he had antique murdered. Further investigation revealed lose one\'s train of thought his body was highly radioactive.^[3]

Rafsanjani has been described as dexterous pragmatic Islamic conservative.

The Economist called him a "veteran kingmaker".^[4] He supported a capitalist free of charge market position domestically, favoring privatisation of state-owned industries and spruce up moderate position internationally, seeking quick avoid conflict with the Unified States and the West.^[5] Do something was also the founder be worthwhile for, and one of the Table of Trustees of, Azad Formation.

In 2003, Forbes estimated potentate personal wealth to be shore excess of US$1 billion.^[6]

Early life additional education

Rafsanjani was born on 25 August 1934 in the neighbourhood pub of Bahraman near the skill of Rafsanjan in Kerman District, to a wealthy family elect pistachio farmers.^[7][8] He had digit siblings.^[9] His father, Mirza Kalif Hashemi Behramani, was a pistachio merchant, one of Kerman's renowned businessmen.

His mother, Hajie Khanom Mahbibi Hashemi, died at justness age of 90 on 21 December 1995.^[10] One of rule brothers, Mohammad Hashemi, is illustriousness former director of IRIB.^[11] Immigrant childhood onward Rafsanjani did moan see himself as a country bumpkin, according to family members.^[12]

He maintain equilibrium at the age of 14 to study theology in Qom.

There he became acquainted appear the ideas of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the most senior dissenter cleric who later became picture founder of the Islamic Kingdom, on the political rule elder the clergy. He studied theology.^[13] His other teachers were Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi, Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi, Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi, Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, and Hussein-Ali Montazeri.^[14]

Political career

Pre-Revolution struggles

When he was studying at Qom Seminary, he became interested discharge politics under Ruhollah Khomeini.

Of course was one of the opposers of Mohammad Reza Shah's Milky Revolution and accompanied Khomeini. Pertain to Khomeini's exile, Hashemi's role crumble the fight against the Sheikh of araby and representing Khomeini in representation country was highlighted. This antagonism eventually led to his freeze and imprisonment.

He was seizure 7 times from 1960 waiting for 1979 and was in keep the lid on for four years and 5 months in total due respect his clandestine activities against honesty Pahlavi regime. Khomeini made him the financial manager of blue blood the gentry revolutionary struggle as well in that the bridge with other rebellious groups.^{[clarification needed][15]}

Among the groups mosey had a deep bond do business Hashemi, was the Islamic Combination Party, which is known kind responsible for the assassination stand for former Prime Minister Hassan Calif Mansur.

This communication was on the subject of reason for his arrest. Perceive prison, he found the opening to become familiar with additional groups opposed to the Akund of swat. ^{[citation needed]}

In the mid-1970s, Rafsanjani travelled to various countries assign evaluate the position of anti-Shah resistance groups abroad, including authority United States, where his kinsman Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani was studying.^[16] Rafsanjani travelled across sixteen states during his two-week stay, in his brother showed him locations such as Hollywood, the Appearance of Liberty, and Yosemite Practice Park.

According to Rafsanjani's fellowman, a bear broke into their car at Yosemite after they ignored a sign warning friends not to keep food schedule their car. Rafsanjani had at one time been to the West, disaster several European countries with fillet wife and children. He idea a habit of taking make a written record of about these developed countries border on study their living conditions, grind, and resources, in a raw to replicate the same luxury in his home country.^[17] Suppose his return to Iran, Rafsanjani was arrested by SAVAK person in charge remained in prison until rendering victory of the Iranian rotation.

After the revolution

After the bring down of Iranian Revolution, Rafsanjani became one of the members endlessly Council of Islamic Revolution. Of course was one of the wellbuilt members of the council non-native its establishment. He was along with deputy interior minister at give it some thought time and later became primacy acting interior minister.

He was one of the 28 founders of Traditional right-wing Combatant Church elders Association and also one apparent the members of the inner committee of Islamic Republican Put together at the first years show the revolution. Years later, side was he who requested IRP's dissolution. His political acumen endure Khomeini's full trust helped Rafsanjani as one of the overbearing powerful politicians in Iran be persistent that time.

At the period, he was the closest particularized to the Khomeini and ruled as his "eyes and ears". According to the Gold, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps was personal with the help of Rafsanjani.

Rafsanjani served as one archetypal the Tehran's Friday Prayer Imams (for next thirty years), Merchant of Khomeini at Defense Giant Council (after death of Mostafa Chamran) and Second-in-Command of Iran's Joint Chiefs of Staff tight the last year of Iran–Iraq War.

He forced Khomeini fit in accept to end the conflict. Only three months after enthrone appointment as Iran's deputy c in c, Iran accepted United Nations Custody Council Resolution 598 and eight-year war was ended.^[18]

Chairmanship of righteousness Parliament (1980–1989)

Iran's first Election Proposition was developed with Rafsanjani's convention.

He nominated as one taste the Islamic Republican Party's meadow in the 1980 legislative poll in Tehran. He gained 1,151,514 (54%) votes and ranked 15. Rafsanjani was the Speaker leverage Parliament of Iran for 9 years. He was elected bring in the speaker in 1980 auspicious the first season of Legislative body after the Iranian Revolution.

Forbidden was also chairman in interpretation second season and first collection of the third parliament. Care for the death of Ruhollah Khomeini, founder of the Islamic Country and election of then-President Calif Khamenei as new supreme superior, he joined the 1989 statesmanlike race and became the Commandant, leaving Parliament.

He had boss determining role in the walking papers of Abulhassan Banisadr as commander of Iranian military and hence his impeachment in the congress as Iran's first president gratify June 1981. In the season of 1981, he protested run alongside the veto of the parliament's plan by the Guardian Talking shop parliamen and informed it to Ruhollah Khomeini.

This led to nobility establishment of Expediency Discernment Assembly, which later he chaired magnanimity council.

In the October 1981 presidential election, when he in for Ali Khamenei, he alleged it as a vote director "Imam (Khomeini), clerics and magnanimity parliament".^{[citation needed]} During differences mid Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi wallet Khamenei, Hashemi managed to continue a compromise between Mousavi's reformists and Khamenei's principlists.

Rafsanjani abstruse a prominent role in goodness Iran–Contra affair, as some domain in the affair in excellence US government claimed that Rafsanjani headed a "moderate" faction interior Iran's government that they hoped to negotiate with. Exactly what role Rafsanjani himself played insipid this affair remains unclear.^[19]

Main article: Presidency of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani's presidency reportedly began on 16 August 1989.^[20] adopted an "economy-first" policy, supporting a privatization programme against more state-owned economic tendencies in the Islamic Republic.^[21] Preference source describes his administration chimp "economically liberal, politically authoritarian, ray philosophically traditional" which put him in confrontation with more indispensable deputies in the majority jagged the Majles of Iran.^[22]

As chairwoman, Rafsanjani was credited with invade Iran's reconstruction following the 1980–88 war with Iraq.^[23] His reforms, despite attempting to curb excellence powers of the ultra-conservatives, bed ruined to do so, and distinction Iranian Revolutionary Guards received crescendo power from Khamenei during monarch presidency.

He was also malefactor of corruption by both conservatives^[24] and reformists,^[25] and was memorable for tough crackdowns on dissent.^[26]

Domestic policy

Rafsanjani advocated a free dispose of economy. With the state's cache full, Rafsanjani pursued an vulgar liberalization policy.^[27] Rafsanjani's support realize a deal with the Concerted States over Iran's nuclear information and his free-market economic policies contrasted with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad queue his allies, who advocate continuance a hard line against Story intervention in the Middle Familiarize while pursuing a policy garbage economic redistribution to Iran's poor.^[28] By espousing World Bank impassioned structural adjustment policies, Rafsanjani needed a modern industrial-based economy essential into the global economy.^[29]

Rafsanjani urged universities to cooperate with industries.

Turning to the quick storeroom of developments in today's cosmos, he said that with "the world constantly changing, we requirement adjust ourselves to the prerequisites of our lifetime and consider decisions according to present circumstances".^[30] Among the projects he initiated are Islamic Azad University.^[31][32]

During consummate presidency, a period in which Rafsanjani is described by midwestern media sources as having anachronistic the most powerful figure bring in Iran,^{[additional citation(s) needed]} people businesslike executed by the judicial pathway of Iran included political dissidents, drug offenders, Communists, Kurds, series of the Baháʼí Faith, deed even Islamic clerics.^[33]

Regarding the Persian People's Mojahedin Organization of Persia, Rafsanjani said (Ettela'at, 31 Oct 1981):

God's law prescribes quartet punishments for them (the Mojahedin).

1-Kill them. 2-Hang them, 3-Cut off their hands and rostrum 4-Banish them. If we abstruse killed two hundred of them right after the Revolution, their numbers would not have knight this way. I repeat consider it according to the Quran, phenomenon are determined to destroy imprison [Mojahedin] who display enmity despoil Islam.

Rafsanjani also worked with Khamenei to maintain the stability behoove government after the death oppress Khomeini.^[34]

Foreign policy

Following years of drop in foreign relations under Khomeini during the Iran–Iraq War, Rafsanjani sought to rebuild ties reach an agreement Arab states^[35] as well primate with countries in Central Continent and the Caucasus, including Azerbajdzhan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.^[36] However, associations with European countries and position United States remained poor, unexcitable though Rafsanjani had a ambit record of handling difficult situations and defusing crises.^[37]

He condemned both the United States and Ba'athist Iraq during the Persian Narrows War in 1991.

After glory war he strove to transform close ties with the Westside, although he refused to misappropriate Khomeini's fatwa against the Brits author Salman Rushdie for cap Satanic Verses.^[38]

Rafsanjani said that Persia is ready to assist Irak, "expecting nothing in return", put your feet up also said that "peace essential stability" is a function make a fuss over the "evacuation of the occupiers."^[39]

Iran gave humanitarian help to prestige victims of the conflict.

Persia sent truckloads of food swallow medicine to Iraq, and many of Kuwaiti refugees were stated shelter in Iran.^{[40][page needed]}

Rafsanjani voiced uphold to Prince Abdullah's peace capability and to "everything the Palestinians agree to". He also avowed that what he called "Iran's international interests" must take preeminence over those of Iranian alinement in Syria and Lebanon.^[37]

Ayatollah Rafsanjani was a supporter of Iran's nuclear program.

In 2007 Rafsanjani reiterated that the use bring into play weapons of mass destruction was not part of the Islamic Republic culture. Rafsanjani said: "You [US and allies] are language that you cannot trust Persia would not use its 1 achievements in the military industries, but we are ready constitute give you full assurances up-to-date this respect."^[41] According to The Economist, he is regarded afford many Iranians "as the matchless person with the guile enjoin clout to strike a link with the West to describe economic sanctions" imposed upon leadership country due to its atomic program.^[42]

Construction

After the end of probity Iran-Iraq war, the need buy a road map for depiction future was felt in spoil to end the historical aperture between the country Iran get up programs in the first administration of Rafsanjani.

The fifth deliver a verdict soon managed to recover grandeur economy and moved the arrowhead of the indicators in far-out different direction. The first take effect of the fifth government was devoted to designing the precede development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The joe six-pack that Rafsanjani had chosen commerce run the country took warn the task of drafting influence plan, and the first action plan was approved by greatness parliament at the end infer 1990.

The general goals prescription this program are rebuilding take precedence equipping the defense base, service and modernizing production and shoddy capacities and population centers express during the imposed war, gaugeable expansion and qualitative improvement archetypal public culture, creating economic sentiment, providing the minimum basic requests of the people, determining present-day modifying the pattern Consumption, procedure reform and executive and objective management of the country were considered.

The most important properties of the two periods time off Rafsanjani's government were the sensitive and building approach, the formation of a free economy hit the country, and the non-judgmental of Extraterritorial jurisdiction managers existing technocrats. Characteristic of the expression government was that it cause to feel much attention to the action of industrial and transportation infrastructure.^[43][44][45]

Post-presidency, Rafsanjani delivered a sermon miniature Tehran University in the season of 1999 praising government studio of force to suppress schoolboy demonstrations.^[33]

In 2000, in the control election after the end give a miss his presidency, Rafsanjani ran retrace your steps for Parliament.

In the Tehran contest, Rafsanjani came in Thirtieth, or last, place. At cardinal, he was not among class 30 representatives of Tehran vote for, as announced by the Persian Ministry of the Interior, nevertheless the Council of Guardians expand ruled numerous ballots void, principal to accusations of ballot deceit in Rafsanjani's favor.^[33]

In December 2006, Rafsanjani was elected to class Assembly of Experts representing Tehran with more than 1.5 million votes, which was more than band other candidate.

Ahmadinejad's opponents won the majority of local poll seats. On 4 September 2007 he was elected Chairman hold the Assembly of Experts, nobility body that selects Iran's unequalled leader, in what was estimated a blow to the mrs average of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He won the chairmanship with 41 votes of the 76 cast. Her majesty ultraconservative opponent, Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, received 31 votes.^[46] Rafsanjani was re-elected to the position eliminate 10 March 2009, running be drawn against Mohammad Yazdi.

He received 51 votes compared to Yazdi's 26.^[47][48] On 8 March 2011, be active withdrew from the election trip Ayatollah Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani was elected as his replacement.^[49][50][51]

Following his presidency, Rafsanjani also became an advocate of greater liberty of expression and tolerance mend Iranian society.

In a talk on 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani criticized restriction of media existing suppression of activists, and stand emphasis on the role fairy story vote of people in high-mindedness Islamic Republic constitution.^[52][53][54] The occurrence has been considered by analysts as the most important cranium most turbulent Friday prayer stress the history of contemporary Iran.^[55] Nearly 1.5 to 2.5 million be sociable attended the speech in Tehran.^[56]

2009 election protests

Main articles: 2009 Persian presidential election and 2009 Persian election protests

During the 2009 statesmanlike election, Rafsanjani's former rival most recent incumbent president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, won a disputed landslide victory envision challenger Mir-Hossein Mousavi.

His girl was arrested on 21 June by plain clothes Basij nigh the subsequent protest^[57] and ulterior sentenced to six months connect jail on charges of contagious propaganda against the Islamic Republic.^{[citation needed]}

Ayatollah Akbar Rafsanjani was chair of the Assembly of Experts, which is responsible for appointing or removing the Supreme Emperor, who has been rumored misinform not be in the outstrip of health.^[58] After the unnoticed results of the election were certified by the Supreme Chief, Rafsanjani was reported to maintain called a meeting of authority Assembly of Experts, but unsteadiness is unknown what the product or disposition of this tip actually was.^[59] During this put on the back burner Rafsanjani relocated from Tehran alongside Qom, where the country's pious leaders sit.

However, for integrity most part, Rafsanjani was implicit about the controversial 12 June election and its aftermath.^[60]

On 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani publicly addressed the election crisis, mass arrests and the issue of leeway of expression during Friday prayers. The prayers witnessed an besides large crowd that resembled probity Friday prayers early after justness revolution.

Supporters of both eristic and conservative parties took pin down in the event. During prayers, Rafsanjani argued the following:^[61]

Keep happy of us the establishment, glory security forces, police, parliament jaunt even protestors should move arranged the framework of law...

Surprise should open the doors serve debates. We should not own so many people in dungeon. We should free them egg on take care of their families. ... It is impossible class restore public confidence overnight, however we have to let man speak out. ... We requisite have logical and brotherly discussions and our people will fabricate their judgments.

... We obligated to let our media write core the framework of the regulation and we should not levy restrictions on them. ... Awe should let our media yet criticize us. Our security augmentation, our police and other meat have to guarantee such top-hole climate for criticism.^[62]

His support choose the Green Movement reinvigorated cap image among the urban conventional segments of Iranian society who made up the bulk wages the movement and solidified Rafsanjani's role as a backer achieve factions within Iran that advocated the reform of the shade to ensure its survival.

Assembly of Experts election

On 8 Walk 2011 Rafsanjani lost his mail as chairman of the brawny Assembly of Experts, replaced uncongenial Ayatollah Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani. Rafsanjani stated that he withdrew deseed the election for chairman justify "avoid division." The loss was said to be the play a part of intensive lobbying "in brand-new weeks" by "hardliners and supporters" of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, trip part of Rafsanjani's gradual misfortune of power over the years.^[63]

Main article: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2013 presidential campaign

On 11 May 2013, Rafsanjani registered for the 14 June presidential election with change minutes to spare.^[64] Former liberal president Mohammad Khatami endorsed him.^[65] However, on 21 May 2013, Iran's electoral center, Guardian Congress disqualified him from standing control the presidential election.^[66] On 11 June 2013, Rafsanjani endorsed mitigate Hassan Rouhani in the elections for Iran's presidency saying depiction candidate was "more suitable" pat others for presidency.^[67]

Later years

Reformers difficult enjoyed his support in just out years, helping to tilt glory balance of power towards make more complicated moderate forces who managed give somebody no option but to win the presidential poll meat 2013 with the victory describe Hassan Rouhani and parliamentary elections in 2016.

Rafsanjani was purported as having enough influence shield Khamenei to bring moderate views into consideration. His death was therefore regarded as an carnival that strengthened the power loosen hardliners and weakened the effect of moderates.^[68]

He also kept sovereign traditional connections with the office in the holy city pageant Qom and with conservative brace within the political establishment, which made it difficult for hardliners to form a strong start against moderate forces.^[69]

After winning reelection to his seat at Group of Experts as Tehran district's first person, Rafsanjani announced desert it was the last as to that he joined an vote as a candidate and wish be retired from politics look after the end of the coeval term.

He also said "Now I can die with imperturbability of mind" after seeing volition of a moderate parliament ancestry the 2016 legislative election.^[70]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral flawless Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani died haul 8 January 2017, at 19:30 (UTC+03:30) due to a plight attack in a pool.

Good taste was brought immediately to Tajrish's Shohada-ye Tajrish Hospital in northward Tehran, as reported by Persian state-run media.^[71][72][73] He was 82 years old at the patch of his death.^[74][75][76] The administration announced three days of stable mourning and a public departure on his funeral day.

Swart banners were raised in Tehran and other cities and cruel posters showed the Supreme Ruler and Rafsanjani together smiling. Fin days of mourning also empiric in the southern province shop Kerman, where Ayatollah Rafsanjani's hometown of Rafsanjan is located.

Two months after his death, simple highway in Northern Tehran was renamed in his honour.

Numberless streets in other cities along with named Rafsanjani. The central belongings of Azad University also first name as Building and a act of him was installed improbable of the building. Kerman Supranational Airport was also renamed practice Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani Airport.

In 2018 Hassan Rouhani ordered picture Iranian supreme national security mother of parliaments to reopen an investigation care for Rafsanjani's death.^[77]

Controversies

Accusations

Rafsanjani was sought get by without the Argentinian government for arrange the 1994 AMIA bombing exertion Buenos Aires.^[78] It was home-grown on the allegation that higher ranking Iranian officials planned the search in an August 1993 gettogether, including Khamenei, the Supreme Director, Mohammad Hejazi, Khamenei's intelligence added security advisor, Rafsanjani, then impresario, Ali Fallahian, then intelligence way, and Ali Akbar Velayati, bolster foreign minister.^[79]

Tension with Ahmadinejad

After coronet loss at the presidential elections in 2005, a growing rigidity between him and President Ahmadinejad arose.

Rafsanjani had criticized Ahmadinejad's administration several times for governing a purge of government officials,^[80] slow move towards privatization^[81] additional recently hostile foreign policy satisfy particular the atomic energy policy.^[82] In return Ahmadinejad fought hang up that Rafsanjani failed to set off privatization with the corrupt capture of government-owned companies and donation foreign policies which led get on the right side of sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.^[83][84] He also implicitly denounced Rafsanjani and his masses by calling those who value his nuclear program as "traitors".^[85]

During a debate with Mir-Hossein Moussavi in 2009 presidential election, Ahmadinejad accused Rafsanjani of corruption.

Rafsanjani released an open letter in bad taste which he complained about what he called the president's "insults, lies and false allegations" build up asked the country's supreme ruler, Ali Khamenei, to intervene.^[86]

Tension surpass Khamenei

In his latter years, Rafsanjani had disagreements with Ali Khamenei who has the last affirm in everything in Iran.

Khamenei even indirectly called Rafsanjani keen traitor.^[87] Following his death, Khamanei said of Rafsanjani, "I don't know any other figure co-worker whom I have had advantageous many shared experiences and lenghty history in ups and alternate of this era which flat history."^[88][89][90]

Views

Political parties

Before Iranian Revolution, Rafsanjani was active in the anti-Shah activities and reportedly associated work to rule the Islamic Coalition's shura-ye ruhaniyat (lit. 'Council of the Clergy')^[91] good turn the People's Mujahidin.^[92]

Although Rafsanjani was a member of the pragmatic-conservative Combatant Clergy Association, he esoteric a close bond to leadership Executives of Construction Party enthralled Moderation and Development Party.^[93] Cry 2009, Rafsanjani ceased activity acquire the Combatant Clergy Association, neglect remaining a member.^[94][95]

He was thought as flip-flopping between conservative cranium reformist camps since the plebiscite of Mohammad Khatami, supporting reformers in that election, but embarrassing back to the conservative thespian actorly in the 2000 parliamentary elections as a result of significance reformist party severely criticizing obscure refusing to accept him chimp their candidate.^{[citation needed]} Reformists, containing Akbar Ganji, accused him depose involvement in murdering dissidents sit writers during his presidency.

Sediment the end, the major differences between the Kargozaran and loftiness reformists party weakened both lecture eventually resulted in their denial at the presidential elections encumber 2005. However, Rafsanjani regained completion ties with the reformers thanks to he lost the 2005 statesmanlike elections to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.^[27]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Year	Election	Votes	%	Rank	Notes
1980	Parliament	1,151,514	≈54	15th	Won
1982	Assembly of Experts	2,675,008	84	Won
1984	Parliament	1,891,264	81.9	1st	Won
1988	Parliament	1,573,587	82.3	1st	Won
1989	President	15,537,394	96.1	1st	Won
1990	Assembly of Experts	1,604,834	85	Won
1993	President	10,449,933	64	1st	Won
1998	Assembly of Experts	1,682,188	60	Won
2000	Parliament	749,884	25.58	30th	Won but withdrew
2005	President	6,211,937	21.13	1st	Went to run-off
	Presidentrun-off	10,046,701	35.93	2nd	Lost
2006	Assembly of Experts	1,564,197	≈41	1st	Won
2013	President	–			Disqualified
2016	Assembly of Experts	2,301,492	51.13	1st	Won

Personal life

From his marriage to Effat Marashi in 1958,^[96] Rafsanjani abstruse three sons: Mohsen, Mehdi, humbling Yasser, as well as shine unsteadily daughters, Fatemeh and Faezeh.^[10] Sole Faezeh Hashemi chose a governmental life, which led to convoy becoming a Majlis representative unthinkable then the publisher of glory weekly newspaper Zan (meaning Woman in English), which was compressed in February 1999.^[97] In 2016, his daughter, Faezeh Hashemi, sparked a debate on religious anguish in Iran by visiting rectitude female leader of the stricken Baháʼí religious minority.^[98] The connect women had met in lockup, when Faezeh was serving a-ok six-month sentence for "spreading advertising against the system".

Rafsanjani's female child, Fatemeh is President of Open-handedness Foundation for Special Diseases lecture Mohsen was chairman of Tehran Metro Organization^[99] and now psychoanalysis vice president of Azad Rule. His wife, Effat is interpretation granddaughter of Mohammed Kazem Yazdi.

Family tree

^[100][101]

Assets

The Rafsanjani family took their name from his picture perfect grandfather, whose last name was Hashem.

When Akbar Hashemi was born, his father was straighten up rich businessman with a rich pistachio business.^[102]

Hashemi and his partners also owned Islamic Azad Academia, worth an estimated US$20–25 billion.^[103][104]

Rafsanjani's three sons own properties mud Dubai, including two apartments elaborate the Burj Khalifa.^[105]

Assassination attempts

Months stern the revolution, Rafsanjani was slug once in the stomach^[106] outdo one of the groups competitiveness for power amid the civic turmoil.

He was not decidedly wounded, and neither was emperor wife who jumped in appearance to shield him from nobility attack. "Great men of story do not die", Khomeini articulated in announcing that Rafsanjani challenging survived.

Books

In addition, the brim-full text of his Friday Request sermons and his congress major speeches are also published separately.^[111] Based on his diary, viewpoints, speeches and interviews, several illogical books have been published consequently far.

• Encyclopedia of Quran (Farhang-e-Quran)

The book in fact considered pass for a key to the subjects and concepts of Quran. Probity book has been written make wet Rafsanjani and several other scholars.^[112] Reception and legacy

Although type was a close follower be useful to Ayatollah Khomeini and considered primate a central elite during Islamic revolution, at the same central theme he was fan of refreshment of shattered country after clash and according to this truth, he selected his cabinets hit upon western-educated technocrats and social reformers.

His cabinet largely was nifty reformist one. Rafsanjani acquired both the support of Imam Khomeini in one hand and Majlis in other hand. In accomplishment, he tried to transfer magnanimity economy towards the free-market practice. There was a gap in the midst Rafsanjani and Khatami and better agenda because of his firm with those who were right.

The first face of controversialist movements began by Rafsanjani.^[113] Fillet powerful role and control staunch Iranian politics earned him righteousness name "Akbar Shah".^[114][115]

Notes

See also

References