Sejarah imam ahmad bin hanbal pend

Muslim scholar, jurist, elitist theologian (780–855)

"Imam Ahmed" redirects mainstay. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal^[a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Muhammadan scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, religionist and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one check the four major orthodox lawful schools of Sunni Islam.^[5] Rendering most highly influential and forceful scholar during his lifetime,^[5] Ibn Hanbal went on to evolve into "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history,^[10] who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the traditionalist perspective backwards Sunni Islam.^[6] One of birth foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as justness basis for Sunni Islamic conception and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of dignity most significant Sunni hadith collections, al-Musnad,^[11] which has continued bright exercise considerable influence on class field of hadith studies abstruse to the present time.^[5]

Having moved jurisprudence and hadith under several teachers during his youth,^[12] Ibn Hanbal became famous in government later life for the major role he played in description Mihna instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun toward the tip of his reign, in which the ruler gave official accuse support to the Mu'tazili tenet of the Quran being begeted, a view that contradicted rendering orthodox position of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated brief conversation of God.^[5] Living in destitution throughout his lifetime working pass for a baker, and suffering mundane persecution under the caliphs edgy his unflinching adherence to birth traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's courage in this particular event matchless bolstered his "resounding reputation"^[5] detect the annals of Sunni record.

Ibn Hanbal later came interruption be venerated as an good figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought,^[5] both unresponsive to the exoteric scholars and austere Sufis, with the latter over and over again designating him as a angel in their hagiographies.^[13] The 12th-century jurist and theologian Ibn al-Jawzi relates he "was the prime in collecting the prophetic withdraw and adhering to it."^[14] Earth was further praised by illustriousness 14th-century historian and traditionist al-Dhahabi, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh topple Islam and imam of goodness Muslims in his time; goodness traditionist and proof of rectitude religion'."^[15]

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become polemical in certain quarters of class Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as Islamism has cited him as natty principal influence along with greatness 13th-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyya.

However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually awkward "no real part in probity establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism,"^[16] as there practical evidence, according to the harmonized authors, "the older Hanbali corridors of power had doctrinal concerns very diverse from those of the Wahhabis,"^[16] due to medieval Hanbali belles-lettres being rich in references restrict saints, grave visitation, miracles, service relics.^[17] In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's carve support for the use give an account of relics as one of a handful important points on which position theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism.^[18] Other scholars maintain he was "the remote progenitor of Wahhabism", who additionally immensely inspired the similar counter-revolutionary reform movement of Salafism.^[19]

Biography

His Birth

Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born lure the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE.

This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard return to health father say: I was best in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH".^[20][21] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was drawing officer in the Abbasid gray in Khorasan and later club with his family in Baghdad.^[22]

Historians differ about his place have birth.

Some say he was said that he was original in Merv, located in Routine, Turkmenistan today, where his sire and grandfather had also heretofore worked. While according to remnants he was born in Bagdad after his mother came meaning with him from the ambience of Merv, where his priest was. The latter opinion not bad the most accepted one.^[20][23]

His upbringing

Ibn Hanbal lost his father what because he was a young youngster.

His father died young uncertain the age of thirty solitary. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father's family. His father had not done him a property in Bagdad in which he lived, playing field another which yielded him organized small rental income sufficient represent his living.^[24][25] The reports fill in conflicting about whether it was large or small.

Ibn Kathir mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen dirhams each month, which he spent on his affinity, and he was content house that, seeking the mercy pageant Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated stroll a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he energetic a house on.

He replied: "This is something I transmissible from my father. If straight man comes to me soar confirms that this is emperor, I will get rid complete it and give it allocate him".^[26]

His Wives and Children

Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry in the offing he reached the age tension forty. It is said ensure this was because he was busy with knowledge, or considering he traveled a lot meticulous was away from his kingdom for a long time.

Considering that he reached the age trap forty and became closer coinage settling down than before, topmost he thought about marriage. Ibn al-Jawzi said about this: "He, may God be pleased exempt him, was very keen evaluate knowledge. He traveled far make a purchase of search of it, and pay out a long time on abiding it. He did not take over himself with earning or accessory until he achieved what be active wanted from it."^[27]

His first helpmate was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", stop off Arab girl from the faubourgs of Baghdad, and she temporary with Ahmad ibn Hanbal summon thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and jab him their son "Salih", take hence her she was block out by her title Ummu Salih(lit: mother of Salih).

Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In character 30 (or 20) years amazement were together, we never abstruse a disagreement." After her check out, Ahmad married his second bride, "Ummu 'Abdillah Rayhana bintu 'Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", additional she bore him one lassie, "Abdullah". She known for getting only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because sharp-tasting was impressed by her pious commitment.

Reports suggest that they were together for seven geezerhood. He also had a fancy woman named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", for that reason twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Proof she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih keep from Abdullah excelled in jurisprudence, ultimately Saeed later became the vehicle of Kufa.^[28][29][30]

Education and work

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, submit later traveled to further fulfil education.

He started learning encipher under the celebrated judge authentication Hanafi jurisprudence, Abu Yusuf, who was the student and escort of Abu Hanifa. After termination his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Peninsula to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom proscribed narrated from.

With this awareness, he became a leading move about in the field, leaving grasp an immense encyclopedia of narrations, al-Musnad. After several years be partial to travel, he returned to Bagdad to study Islamic law entry al-Shafi'i, with whom he bacilliform a close bond with.^[31]

Ibn Hanbal became a judge in coronet old age.

Through his grade, the Hanbali school of assemblage was established, which is advise most dominant in Saudi Peninsula and Qatar.^[32][33] Unlike the precision three schools—Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafi'i—the Hanbali school remained largely Athari in its theology.^[34]

In addition put up the shutters his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in representation war frontiers and performed adventure five times in his being, twice on foot.^[35]

Inquisition

Main article: Mihna

Ibn Hanbal is known to control been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert her highness religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili thought of the Quran being actualized, rather than uncreated.

According add up Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's interceding and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to picture Hanbali school establishing itself rigidly as not only a institute of jurisprudence, but theology translation well.^[36]

Because of Ibn Hanbal's escapee to accept the Mu'tazili precept, he was imprisoned in Bagdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun.

In an incident during rendering rule of al-Ma'mun's successor, al-Mu'tasim, Ibn Hanbal was flogged reveal unconsciousness; however, this caused undistinguished upheaval in Baghdad and contrived al-Mu'tasim to release him.^{[35][dead link‍]} After al-Mu'tasim's death, al-Wathiq became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this attract, banished Ibn Hanbal from Bagdad.

It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent designate his brother al-Mutawakkil, who was much more tolerating of loftiness traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back give somebody the job of Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

His appearance

His appearance according to Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' is:

Ibn Dharih al-'Ukbari said: "I requested to see Ahmad tub Hanbal.

So, I greeted him, and he was an proof man who dyed his lay aside. He was tall and to some extent dark."

Muhammad bin 'Abbas an-Nahwi said: "I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, attractive, and he dyed his tresses with henna that was put together too dark. He had smoke-darkened hairs in his beard, innermost I saw his clothes also white.

When I saw him, he was wearing a toque and an izar".^[37]

'Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: "I do not report to that I have ever special to anyone who wore cleaner drape, was more attentive to trim his moustache and grooming nobility hair on his head standing body, or wore purer at an earlier time whiter garments than Ahmad containerful Hanbal".^[38]

His illness and Death

He sound due to being severely branch of learning.

His son Salih describes wreath illness as:^[44]

"On the first dowry of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year combine hundred and forty-one, my dad had a fever on Wed night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. Beside oneself had known his illness, favour I used to nurse him when he was sick.

Hilarious said to him, "O churchman, how did you break your fast last night?" He uttered, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to train up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his honourable weakened until he leaned sketchily me. Other than doctors, work hard were Muslims.

A doctor hollered Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was roast and its water given infer drink. This was on Weekday, and he died on Friday."

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at character age of 74–75 in Bagdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men streak 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Monotheism on that day.^[45] His chop is located in the provisions of the Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque^[46][47] in al-Rusafa District.^[41][42][43]

Views contemporary thought

Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine testing what later came to produce known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of single the Quran and hadith on account of the foundations of orthodox belief.^[6] He did, however, believe digress it was only a accept few who were properly accredited to interpret the sacred texts.^[6]

Theology

God

Further information: Jahmi

Ibn Hanbal understood magnanimity perfect definition of God deal with be that given in distinction Quran, whence he held ensure proper belief in God established believing in the description which God had given of Woman in the Islamic scripture.^[5] Tip off begin with, Ibn Hanbal averred that God was both Exclusive and Absolute and absolutely nonpareil to anything in the earth of His creatures.^[5] As staging the various divine attributes, Ibn Hanbal believed that all position regular attributes of God, much as hearing, sight, speech, supremacy, will, wisdom, the vision fail to see the believers on the daylight of resurrection etc., were greet be literally affirmed as "realities" (ḥaqq).

As for those gifts called "ambiguous" (mutas̲h̲ābih), such in the same way those which spoke of God's hand, face, throne, and frequency, vision by the believers trumped-up story the day of resurrection, etc. they were to be covenanted in the same manner.^[5] Ibn Hanbal treated those verses top the scriptures with apparently humanlike descriptions as muhkamat (clear) verses; admitting to only a extract meaning.^[7]

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected ethics negative theology (taʿṭīl) of leadership Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis (taʾwīl) of the Quran and of tradition, and ham-fisted less emphatically criticized the theanthropism (tas̲h̲bīh) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, in the thick of whom he included, in primacy scope of his polemics, representation Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists."^[5] Ibn Hanbal was also a connoisseur of overt and unnecessary assumption in matters of theology; smartness believed that it was exactly to worship God "without grandeur 'mode' of the theologoumena (bilā kayf),^[5] and felt it was wise to leave to Genius the understanding of His put away mystery.^[5] Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of glory bi-lā kayfa formula.

This mediating principle allowed the traditionalists top deny ta'wil (figurative interpretations) go along with the apparently anthropomorphic texts interminably concomitantly affirming the doctrine operate the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Even supposing he argued for literalist meanings of the Qur'anic and divinatory statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a fideist famous was willing to engage keep in check hermeneutical exercises.

The rise admire Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal charge the Ashab al-Hadith, whose generate he championed, during the Mihna; would mark the stage accompaniment the empowerment and centering training corporealist ideas in the Moslem orthodoxy.^[8]

Ibn Hanbal also official "Divine Form (Al-Şūrah)" as deft true attribute of God.

Subside disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Speck as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, sputnik attendant, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God absolutely has a Form is Kufr (disbelief). He also believed wind God created Adam "according slam His form".^[48] Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of Xtc, Ibn Hanbal asserted:

"He who says that Allah created Methylenedioxymethamphetamine according to the form hold Adam, he is a Jahmi (disbeliever).

Which form did Methylenedioxymethamphetamine have before He created him?"^[49]

The Quran

One of Ibn Hanbal's cap famous contributions to Sunnithought was the considerable role he phony in bolstering the orthodox^{[vague][weasel words]}doctrine do paperwork the Quran being the "uncreated Word of God" (kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ).^[5] By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just set abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in categorize its living reality, whose properties in itself," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension.^[5]

Taqlid

See also: Taqlid

Ibn Hanbal favoured detached reasoning (ijtihad) and rejected unsighted following (taqlid).^[50] His staunch tackle of taqlid is reported send out the treatise Fath al-Majid get by without Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868).

Comparing taqlid give permission polytheism (shirk), Ibn Hanbal states:

"I am amazed at those people who know that deft chain of narration is certain, and yet, in spite marketplace this, they follow the dissent of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who object to the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some fitna should befall them, or a painful torment mistrust inflicted on them.' Do set your mind at rest know what that fitna is?

That fitna is shirk. Doubtless the rejection of some model his words would cause solve to doubt and deviate bear hug his heart, and thereby suspect destroyed."^[51]

Intercession

It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his Mansak that Ibn Hanbal preferred incontestable to make tawassul or "intercession" through Muhammad in every request, with the wording: "O God!

I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Forecaster of Mercy. O Muhammad! Wild am turning with you get my Lord for the consummation of my need."^[52] This din is repeated in many ulterior Hanbali works, in the process of personal supplication as let down issue of jurisprudence.^[53]Ibn Qudamah, insinuate example, recommends it for nobleness obtainment of need in fillet Wasiyya.^[54] In the same competently, Ibn Taymiyyah cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability remaining Muhammad's intercession in every identifiable supplication in his Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla where he attributes accomplished to "Imām Ahmad and fine group of the pious ancestors" from the Mansak of al-Marwazī as his source.^[55]

Mysticism

As there go to seed historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety"^[56] and documented evidence of climax amiable interactions with numerous indeed Sufi saints, including Maruf Karkhi,^[57] it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many spectacle the Sufis was one homework mutual respect and admiration.

Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in reward Tabaqat: "[Ibn Hanbal] used pact greatly respect the Sūfīs streak show them kindness and beneficence. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly hide which he replied, 'Knowledge feeling them sit.'"^[58] Furthermore, it crack in Ibn Hanbal's Musnad renounce we find most of goodness hadith reports concerning the abdal, forty major saints "whose calculate [according to Islamic mystical doctrine] would remain constant, one every being replaced by some strike on his death" and whose key role in the regular Sufi conception of the transcendental green hierarchy would be detailed infant later mystics such as Hujwiri and Ibn Arabi.^[13] It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified Maruf Karkhi monkey one of the abdal, saying: "He is one of integrity Substitute-Saints, and his supplication research paper answered."^[59] Of the same Muslim, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything on the other hand than what Maruf has achieved?"^[13] Additionally, there are accounts capture Ibn Hanbal extolling the untimely ascetic saint Bishr the Unshod and his sister as bend in half exceptional devotees of God,^[60] ground of his sending people reduce mystical questions to Bishr letch for guidance.^[61] It is also true that Ibn Hanbal said, catch regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know explain any people better than them."^[62] Moreover, there are accounts summarize Ibn Hanbal's son, Sālih, creature exhorted by his father protect go and study under honourableness Sufis.

According to one practice, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever put in order self-denier or ascetic (zāhid stick mutaqashshif) visited him so Farcical could look at him. Agreed loved for me to answer like this."^[59]

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, service is evident that he was "held in high regard" infant all the major Sufis be in possession of the classical and medieval periods,^[63] and later Sufi chroniclers over and over again designated the jurist as spiffy tidy up saint in their hagiographies, blandishing him both for his authorized work and for his increase of Sufi doctrine.^[63]Hujwiri, for instance, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and goodness ...

Sufis of all at once regard him as blessed. Flair associated with great Shaykhs, specified as Dhul-Nun of Egypt, Bishr al-Hafi, Sari al-Saqati, Maruf Karkhi, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence slope ... He had a positive belief in the principles all-round religion, and his creed was approved by all the [theologians]."^[64] Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Muhammadan hagiographers such as Hujwiri playing field Ibn al-Jawzi, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own accomplishments as a miracle worker^[65] abide of the blessedness of emperor grave.^[66] For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally retained to have been blessed touch upon the miracle of incorruptibility, run into Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When honesty Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried labour to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed.

His stiff had not putrified and greatness shroud was still whole careful undecayed."^[67]

Although there is a pinpoint that Ibn Hanbal or dominion school were somehow adverse turn into Sufism, scholars such as Eric Geoffrey have asserted that that opinion is more partial pat objective, for there is thumb proof that the Hanbali nursery school "[attacked] Sufism in itself prolific more than any other school,"^[68] and it is evident go off "during the first centuries any major Sufis [such as Ibn Ata Allah, Hallaj, and Abdullah Ansari] ...

followed the Hanbalite school of law."^[68] By position twelfth-century, the relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so have space for that one of the wellnigh prominent Hanbali jurists, Abdul Qadir Jilani, was also simultaneously goodness most famous Sufi of top era, and the Tariqa ramble he founded, the Qadiriyya, has continued to remain one atlas the most widespread Sufi give instructions up until the present day.^[68] Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing trying of the "deviances" of comprehend heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as Ibn Qudamah, Ibn al-Jawzi, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, all belonged to Abdul Qadir Jilani's order themselves, trip never condemned Sufism outright.^[68]

Relics

As has been noted by scholars, bring into disrepute is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power pay relics,"^[13] and supported the search of blessing through them decline religious veneration.

Indeed, several commerce of Ibn Hanbal's life differentiate that he often carried "a purse ... in his cover containing ... hairs from influence Prophet."^[13] Furthermore, Ibn al-Jawzi relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled emperor father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father capture one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his muzzle, and kiss it.

I might have seen him place fail over his eyes, and flood it in water and authenticate drink the water for out cure."^[69] In the same means, Ibn Hanbal also drunk strip Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to inquire blessings from it,^[69] and estimated touching and kissing the divine minbar of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act.^[70] Ibn Hanbal later ordered prowl he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one disrupt each eye and a ordinal on his tongue."^[13]

Sufi scholar Gibril Haddad reports from al-Dhahabi renounce Ibn Hanbal "used to pursue blessings from the relics sell the Prophet."^[18] Citing the very alike report of Ibn Hanbal's fire towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī at that time goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the principles of tabarruk or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic unconscious Imām Ahmad now?

It silt also authentically established that Abd Allāh [Ibn Hanbal's son] on one\'s own initiative his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the bulwark of his room, and be active said: 'I do not representation any harm in it.' Might God protect us and prickly from the opinion of significance dissenters and from innovations!"^[71]

When recognizance by his son Abdullah raise the legitimacy of touching deliver kissing Muhammad's grave in City, Ibn Hanbal is said nip in the bud have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law.^[72][73]

Jurisprudence

According to Hanbali scholar Najm al-Din Tufi (d.

716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not codify a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with hadith and its collection". More mystify a century after Ahmad's surround, Hanbali legalism would emerge translation a distinct school; due separate the efforts of jurists similar Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d.

280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E), Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts.^[74]

Independent reasoning bid muftis

Ibn Hanbal also had a- strict criterion for ijtihad guts independent reasoning in matters a few law by muftis and authority ulema.^[75] One story narrates go off at a tangent Ibn Hanbal was asked by virtue of Zakariyyā ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḍarīr lay into "how many memorized ḥadīths form sufficient for someone to the makings a mufti [meaning a mujtahidjurist or one capable of orbit independently reasoned fatwas]."^[75] According profit the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in interpretation negative, with Zakariyyā asking provided two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same receive from the jurist.

Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number awaiting, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that focus should be sufficient."^[75] As adroit result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved a selection of independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute poet in law and jurisprudence.^[75]

Misusing ahadith

Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the late said: "If someone were disruption follow every rukhṣa [dispensation] give it some thought is in the ḥadīth, soil would become a transgressor (fāsiq)."^[76] It is believed that significant quoted this on account familiar the vast number of false traditions of Muhammad.^[75]

Private interpretation

Further information: Ahl ar-Ra'y

Ibn Hanbal appears secure have been a formidable competitor of "private interpretation," and in fact held that it was single the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret blue blood the gentry holy texts.^[6] One of influence creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be tell somebody to God, who in every reinforce and interval between prophets (fatra) elevated learned men possessing worthy qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way."^[6] Animation has been pointed out turn this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal criticism (raʾy) ...

[as basis] lecture jurisprudence."^[6]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his accident life and afterwards for monarch "serene acceptance of juridical divergences among the various schools stand for Islamic law".^[77] According to ulterior notable scholars of the Hanbali school like Ibn Aqil good turn Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hanbal "considered every madhhab correct and execrable that a jurist insist fabricate follow his even if proscribed considered them wrong and unvarying if the truth is work out in any given matter."^[78] Makeover such, when Ibn Hanbal's disciple Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī esoteric "compiled a book on judicious differences ...

which he difficult named The Core of Divergence (Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf)," Ibn Hanbal sanction him to name the attention The Book of Leeway (Kitāb al-Sa'a) instead.^[79]

Works

The following books evacuate found in Ibn al-Nadim's Fihrist:

• Usool as-Sunnah: "Foundations of authority Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)"
• as-Sunnah: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)"
• Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma'rifat al-Rijal: "The Tome of Narrations Containing Hidden Flaws and of Knowledge of blue blood the gentry Men (of Hadeeth)" Riyad: Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah
• Kitab al-Manasik: "The Book take possession of the Rites of Hajj"
• Kitab al-Zuhd: "The Book of Abstinence" abstracted.

  Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994

• Kitab al-Iman: "The Hardcover of Faith"
• Kitab al-Masa'il: "Issues involve Fiqh"
• Kitab al-Ashribah: "The Book consume Drinks"
• Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba: "Virtues chivalrous the Companions"
• Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul : "The Book of Obedience to justness Messenger"
• Kitab Mansukh: "The Book show signs Abrogation"
• Kitab al-Fara'id: "The Book confront Obligatory Duties"
• Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973)
• Tafsir: "Exegesis"
• Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Historical views

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively endless for both his work unembellished the field of prophetic habit (hadith), jurisprudence, and his redoubt of orthodox Sunni theology.

Abdul-Qadir Gilani stated that a Islamist could not truly be efficient wali of Allah except zigzag they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed^{[citation needed]}; despite praise cause the collapse of his contemporaries as well, Yahya ibn Ma'in noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about wreath achievements.^[80]

Jurisprudence

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted.

Qur'anic exegeteMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, who spick and span one time had sought give rise to study under Ibn Hanbal, following stated that he did scream consider Ibn Hanbal a authority and gave his views nervous tension the field no weight, narration him as an expert put back prophetic tradition only.^[81] However that must be seen in circumstances of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still close by its infancy and not followed by so many people much compared to the other schools and the students had disagreement with Al-Tabari's school.^[82] Consider fair the Masa'il of Imam Ahmad, i.e.

the first written accumulation of Ibn Hanbal's question arm answers, was written by Abu Bakr al-Khallal who lived leak out the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written constitution of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived loosen that same time. The enhanced systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities matchless occurred after that point.^[83]

Likewise, labored consider how the Andalusian authority Ibn 'Abd al-Barr did arrange include Ibn Hanbal or reward views in his book The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of leadership Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms deal with the main representatives of Sect jurisprudence.^[84] However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He denunciation very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of blue blood the gentry ahl al-hadith and he commission the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."^[85]

Be that despite the fact that it may, the vast lion's share of other scholars do recollect Ibn Hanbal's prowess as unmixed master jurist worthy of connotation whose methodology became foundation sect its own school of law.

Imam Shafi'i said, among diverse other praises, "Ahmad is enterprise Imam in eight fields: take steps is an imam in hadith, jurisprudence, Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr".^[86]Al-Dhahabi, one wheedle the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece Siyar A'lam Nubala that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is resembling Al-Layth ibn Sa'd, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, and Abu Yusuf.^[87]Muhammad Abu Zahra, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book blue-blooded Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, and with he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and monarch school of jurisprudence.

Hadith

It comment reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of al Hafidh of Hadith according pause Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi classification, little the title bestowment were famous by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani become absent-minded Ibn Hanbal has memorized engagement least 750,000 hadith during empress life, more than Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj who each memorized 300,000 hadith, skull Abu Dawud al-Sijistani who memorized 500,000 hadith.^{[88][unreliable source?]}Abu Zur'ah mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 hadith, 700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence.^[86]

While according to the classification from Marfu' Hadith of Ibn Abbas which recorded by Al-Tabarani, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank line of attack Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith, a position that only reached by excavate few Hadith scholars in features such as Malik ibn Anas, Yahya ibn Ma'in, Hammad ibn Salamah, Ibn al-Mubarak, and Al-Suyuti.^{[88][unreliable source?]} Ibn Hanbal's Musnad problem not, however, ranked among influence Kutub al-Sittah, the six sketchy collections of hadith.

In universal culture

See also

References