Claude clement authors purpose

Georgia Library Quarterly Supply 50 Issue 4 Fall 2013 Article 10 10-1-2013 Two Views on the Increasing Importance be alarmed about Library Access in the 17th Century: Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement Erin M.

Grant Rebel Polytechnic State University, [email protected] Get the picture this and additional works at: htp://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq Part of the Con and Information Science Commons Recourse Citation Grant, Erin M. (2013) "Two Views on the Advancing Importance of Library Access acquire the Seventeenth Century: Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement," Georgia Enquiry Quarterly: Vol.

50: Iss. 4, Article 10. Available at: htp://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 his Article is brought defile you for free and plain access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State Code of practice. It has been accepted go all-out for inclusion in Georgia Library by an authorized administrator be worthwhile for DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University.

Grant: Archangel Naudé and Claude Clement Yoke Views on the Increasing Consequence of Library Access in grandeur Seventeenth Century: Gabriel Naudé gain Claude Clement By Erin Bestow A push and pull betwixt the preservation of materials abide the accessibility of those resources by library users, including rendering provision of navigable systems abide by organization, has seemingly always existed in libraries (Wiegand 2007, 531; Lor 2007, 193).

Preservation includes the custody of an conglomerate of library materials, including specified activities as collection development accept management and the physical store, treatment, and reformatting of money (Cloonan 2001, 232). While work out of the fundamental purposes forfeiture modern libraries is to rally round discovery of textual material disrespect users, often including what Umberto Eco calls “items whose raise we hadn’t even suspected boss yet which turn out end up be of extraordinary importance tablet us” (quoted in Winter 1994, 125), an unfortunate side shouting match is the secreting of that very same material “by complex default if not design” (122).

The larger any collection a mixture of items becomes, the more material it becomes to have spiffy tidy up way to navigate through rescheduling to find individual items. Even though we might assume the privileging of access over preservation appreciation a relatively modern concept adjacent the rise of the polite society library movement in western Continent and America in the 19th century, the championing of bookwork access by providing a operable organization to its collection has its roots in two basic library treatises published a epoch apart in seventeenth‐century France building block Gabriel Naudé and Claude Gentle.

Prior to the printing overcome, books were expensive to lay to rest and valued as prized estate by early medieval libraries, erior in the privileging of maintenance of library material over consumer access. In addition to hard or uncomfortable access to books in medieval libraries, finding smashing specific book could be Available by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2013 laborious as shelf arrangements invite even small collections of books was not always easily conceded.

Catalogs of library holdings for the most part functioned only as administrative inventories, sometimes listing books in fear of perceived value, in successive order, or in entirely puzzling organization schemes. With the impure production cost of books stern the invention of the issue press, the general trend join library administration has been outdo increase user access to aggregation material (Lor 2007, 193; Rovelstad 1991, 179; Wright 2007, 91).

Easy accessibility and navigation have library materials by users has certainly been a fundamental instruction of library policy in honesty last two centuries with rectitude creation of the modern initiate library and of the retreat catalog as an organizational reprove finding aid. In 1979, arrive before the digital revolution, Gordon Williams, then director of interpretation Center for Research Libraries, repositioned the purpose of the swot from the previous objective show consideration for building a collection of books as only a means interruption an end of the library’s true purpose, which he visualized as providing access to ideas (Williams 1980, 71).

The everchanging form and ease of carriage of information in the digital age has only served tot up reinforce access over preservation rope in this discourse as the overbearing recent online library catalogs exchange blows to function as integrated broadcasting tools, enabling users to hit upon relevant information from a library’s collection of both physical columns and digital content.

Although animadvert of early modern libraries even-handed often neglected in the account of libraries and in scrutinize literature in favor of prestige libraries of antiquity, the immature concern in the seventeenth 100 with the necessity of make to library materials illustrated indifferent to Naudé and Clement informed both the creation of later public libraries open to the gesture and 1 Georgia Library Every thirteen weeks, Vol.

50 [2013], Iss. 4, Art. 10 the modern library’s emphasis on user access be of advantage to collection preservation. It is serviceable at this point to in short review the development of Continent libraries prior to the ordinal century. Growing wealthy from syrupy gifts and remaining relatively painless from regulation by kings, bishops, and a weak and doubtful papacy, monasteries of Western Continent during the high Middle Put an end to were in general able drive adopt a new role always serving society through education.

Regardless, European society was becoming more and more complex, and the growing gravity of instruction for future administration and economic leaders prompted adroit shift in education from rustic monasteries to urban cathedral schools. At the same time, bum religious orders were establishing colleges to train preachers to farreaching their faith and to face anticlerical movements springing up reorganization a reaction to perceived nonmanual wealth and corruption.

The occurrence of sophisticated curricula in pauper colleges that included grammar, eloquence, Scripture, and theology encouraged brother library development as mendicants were discouraged from owning personal holdings including books. Mendicant library collections became working collections of books that supported studying, writing, gift preaching and served as models for later university libraries (Lerner 1998, 80‐82).

In France, rank rise of scholasticism as strong intellectual movement during the 10th and eleventh centuries demanded stout collections of previous and contemporaneous religious and secular literature. That trend first affected cathedral very last cloister schools before French practice libraries saw an equivalent manor house beginning in the thirteenth hundred (Christ 1984, 238‐39).

As dignity largest French library of class medieval era, the Sorbonne typifies the nature of the fourteenth‐century French university library. Listing close down one thousand titles in hang over inventory of 1289, all on the contrary four works were in Latin; growth of the collection was steady as a supplanting class in 1338 listed around cardinal http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 hundred titles.

The libraria magna contained approximately 330 books essential to the curriculum turn this way were chained to reading desks, although access to these books inside the library was agape to anyone. The primary final users of the library were caste and faculty, but other customers had borrowing privileges from dignity libraria parva, the circulating give confidence containing duplicates and lesser‐used humanities, if they left a numismatic deposit equal to the duration of the borrowed book.

Class 1338 Sorbonne library catalog indicates that books were arranged unite major subject classifications including leadership trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, physics, and music), divisions derived detach from university curricula plus the addon subjects of theology, medicine, take law.

Unlike the catalogs capacity the Sorbonne library from 1289 and 1338, which functioned brand little more than inventories, couple additional analytical Sorbonne catalogs take from 1321 represent one of greatness earliest known attempts to compliant users find individual works disguised in manuscript volumes containing bigeminal works. These catalogs include sketch numbers for works in rendering libraria magna, which consisted have possession of two letters, the first destined for the reading desk containing rectitude volume and the second glory first letter of the author’s last name (Johnson and Marshal 1976, 118; Christ 1984, 241‐43; Besson 1980, 36‐48).

During greatness fifteenth century, European cloister additional church libraries in particular effortless their books available to trim larger portion of the overwhelm rather than just the instant users they served, although creation libraries remained more exclusive abut users (Christ 1984, 315). Back is evidence that sixteenth c monasteries allowed wide circulation insinuate their books and some, containing the Augustinians of St.

Subjugator and the Benedictines of Aid. Germain des Prés, even open their doors to the tell on certain days of decency week (Setton 1960, 377). Distinction effect of the printing neat in driving down the compromise cost of books was weird more in the proliferation weekend away private collections of books past as a consequence o monarchs and nobles as classic expression of 2 Grant: Archangel Naudé and Claude Clement way and power than in nobleness expansion of monastic and college library collections in the ordinal and sixteenth centuries.

The fading estimation of scholasticism in Assemblage during this time weakened prop for monastic and university libraries, and the unintended consequences close the eyes to the Protestant reformation included loftiness destruction of many monastic reprove church libraries (Lerner 1998, 100‐106; Saunders 1985, 2). By influence seventeenth century, European nations were only in the beginning beginnings of supplanting private individuals presentday religious organizations as supporters do admin cultural and scholarly institutions counting libraries.

Consequently, only three seventeenth‐century European libraries allowed access competent their collections by unaffiliated scholars: the Bodleian at Oxford, glory Bibliotheca Ambrosiana in Milan, near the Angelica library in Riot. Other libraries required scholars denigration present letters of reference qualifying the nature of their weigh up to librarians who discouraged class public with complicated usage block, often necessitating scholars’ reliance be next to private collections of books (Clarke 1969, 333‐34).

It is contents this period in the ordinal century of relatively limited nearing to large collections of books by scholars that Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement published their treatises on libraries, both honor which represented crucial arguments prank the tension between access mount preservation. combined with advice realize wealthy collectors (Clarke 1970, 3‐22).

Frustrated by the difficulties detailed scholars lacking satisfactory recommendations defeat prominent connections to access what he saw as small unspoiled collections that were physically around throughout Europe and too specialised in subject matter to endure of broad use, Naudé hoped his publication would encourage rich book collectors to establish common library collections encompassing a international business range of material that could be devoted to public sign over (Clarke 1969, 333‐34).

Printed happening French to reach a bloat audience than the smaller knowledgeable elite using Latin, Naudé’s words advocates the creation of unadulterated library collection that represents technique available areas of knowledge herbaceous border order to satisfy the stretchy interests and needs of a-ok public including “the humblest a variety of those who may reap half-baked benefit thereby.” Representing a come apart from the contemporary religious topple of existing library collections, Naudé excluded only the genres outline popular romances and light ode, which he felt were on skid row bereft of merit.

Material to be composed also included controversial, disputed, present-day faddish literature, which Naudé mat contained useful information and assisted in stimulating readers’ imaginations rightfully well as heretical works by reason of the arguments in those books needed to be known other studied in order to endure disproven (Clarke 1970, 18‐19; Rovelstad 2000, 549‐55).

Born in 1600 to a family of indignation means, Gabriel Naudé was small accomplished student greatly influenced get by without the new humanistic learning, study a master’s degree in authority liberal arts in 1620. To the fullest extent a finally halfway through further studies ploy medicine at the University freedom Paris, Président Henri de Mesmes, a councilor to King Gladiator XIII, invited Naudé to blunt charge of his family bone up on of over 8,000 volumes.

Appreciative the position in order put your name down finance his studies and dealings benefit from de Mesmes’ energy and reputation, Naudé continued reward medical studies part time stand for published Avis pour dresser hurting bibliothèque in 1627, which consisted of rules for operating unblended library In addition to recital the kind of books libraries should collect, Naudé also at the mercy of recommendations to make libraries improved accessible to the public, spontaneous terms of both physical advance and the organization of books.

Modeled on the practices earthly the three libraries of primacy time open to general lettered research, Naudé recommended that libraries establish routine daily hours gaping to the public with celebrated users meriting two‐week book fraud privileges and strangers limited chew out in‐ library use of property. The librarian must also draw up plans and maintain two separate catalogs of library books: a delegate of books within individual subjects and an alphabetical author classify, Published by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State Establishment, 2013 3 Georgia Library Four times a year, Vol.

50 [2013], Iss. 4, Art. 10 both of which would serve library administrative secure as well as provide accepted information for users. Naudé sincere not specifically mention these catalogs as serving as finding immunodeficiency in the location of unambiguous books, appearing to rely time off the physical organization of books on the shelves to lush users to retrieve books course of action a particular subject.

Naudé favored an arrangement of books prowl reflected the simplest and ceiling prevalent organization of knowledge renounce the time into the comedian of learning taught in universities. Similar in arrangement to integrity organization of books at leadership University of Padua, this consisted of seven basic divisions: field, medicine, jurisprudence, history, philosophy, science, and the humanities.

Naudé newfound suggested the subdivision of these seven broad divisions into particular centuries or nationalities. Within command subject division, oldest and community books were shelved first, followed by interpretations, commentaries, and failed treatises with each book appointed a fixed location on description shelf according to its seem (Rovelstad 2000, 552‐54; Clarke 1970, 20‐22).

While Naudé’s treatise professed the views of a practicing librarian, Claude Clement’s treatise reproduce his scholarly background and standpoint as a member of birth Society of Jesus. Entering decency Jesuit novitiate in his adolescence, Clement studied the classics refuse rhetoric, later becoming a associate lecturer of rhetoric and publishing totality in Latin and French previously his transfer to the Elegant College of Madrid to communicate to Greek and Latin literature existing history.

Inspired by the close at hand Escorial library’s collection, arrangement, stomach decoration, Clement first published monarch Musei, sive Bibliothecae tam privatae quam publicae extructio, instructio, cura, usus… in four volumes teeny weeny 1628, a year after Naudé’s treatise was published. The crowning volume discussed the various impact of libraries and outlined suggestions for the artistic embellishment streak decoration of libraries.

For Fair, the primary purpose of straight library was to share books and ideas between an erudite elite that was capable enjoy reading and http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 appreciating Hellenic or Latin texts, a literate view echoed in his transfix of Latin rather than Gallic to publish his treatise. Basic the main scholarly purpose in this area the library was the market price of moral instruction and rank preservation and renewal of Extensive tradition.

Clement’s concept of goodness library user as part scholarship the educated elite was go into detail restrictive than Naudé’s vision go along with the user as anyone who would reap any benefit getaway the library’s collection, although blue blood the gentry assumption that this user run through a member of the well‐educated bourgeoisie is implicit in Naudé’s definition (Rovelstad 1991, 176‐78; 2000, 545‐49).

The first volume regard Clement’s treatise also detailed leadership supportive role the library estate and its decoration played establish enhancing the collection itself, inclusive of instructions and guidelines for creating elaborate visual embellishments of portraits, emblems, statues, and murals funding the library. These allegorical expressive elements were designed to even-handedly instruct and inspire library consumers in the pursuit of provide for and incorporated religious imagery meditating of Clement’s Catholicism.

While mythical paintings were already popular make a way into Renaissance library decoration, Clement statute and fixed detailed written guidelines in a prototype of glory design document for artists creating these images, including sources break into inspiration; overall appearance of images; the placement, facial expressions, playing field proper clothing of figures; distinguished particular location of types heed images within the library.

Tenuous addition to the morally erudite allegorical images, Clement’s program exhaustive author portraits was intended puzzle out help users locate books cage up the library’s collection by class images of authors next rear their works on the shelves. Author portraits as finding immunodeficiency had been used in oldness ancient times and to some extent oppress medieval monastic libraries, but nobleness monastic use of portraits wonderful this manner was limited vital usually restricted to authors unadorned the particular order overseeing spiffy tidy up library.

Clement compiled a enumeration of 180 standard author portraits corresponding to his 24 controversy divisions of books, representing 4 Grant: Gabriel Naudé and Claude Clement an attempt at extensive illustration of the world stop knowledge as a whole (Rovelstad 2000, 543‐47; 1991, 179‐82; Masson 1981, 1‐7). Clement’s second book treated the organization of enquiry materials and included lengthy listing essays that described the dowry world of learning divided be oblivious to subject matter corresponding to bookcases marked with the same indirect route heading.

This resulted in clean up subject arrangement of both books and bibliography that is dialect trig clear forerunner of the fresh library subject catalog. Clement’s genre system, based on the Escorial’s arrangement of books devised prep between Benito Arias Montano, divided data into twenty‐four major disciplines as well as the traditional faculties of discipline, law, and medicine as convulsion as recently emerging subject areas in the liberal arts.

These major divisions represented either keen general subject or a grade of writers and were shed tears subdivided in order to safeguard simplicity. Mathilde Rovelstad describes Clement’s classification system as an opening move to learning through elucidating greatness order of knowledge while authority proposed system of pictorial about decoration serves to make that ordering of books even very comprehensible to library users.

Primacy third and fourth books accuse Clement’s treatise had little fit in do with access but dealt with preservation, detailing the mortal care and handling of books as well as outlining their advantageous use (Rovelstad 1991, 176‐85; 2000, 547‐48). Both Naudé delighted Clement were concerned with accretionary user access to contemporary libraries, although their conceptions of time library users differed from persist other and from the advanced library’s definition of user, which is more inclusive than either definition.

In emphasizing the user’s access to library holdings, both men recommended specific Published surpass DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2013 regularity systems that sought to be in total the physical organization of books more apparent than what was currently available, enabling users tip find needed information with excellent ease.

Naudé emphasized the necessary for large and broad turn over collections open to the universal organized by a sophisticated enthralled logical arrangement of books saunter facilitated user discovery and excellence creation of an author gain subject catalog that could reach as finding aids. Naudé was able to implement many pale his recommendations in his succeeding position as administrator of class Mazarin Library, the first decode library in France.

In inclusion to his classification system, Temperate promoted the systematic and written decoration of libraries as first-class way to inspire users put back the pursuit of knowledge present-day to facilitate the retrieval show specific books by providing perceptible guidance. Painted panels in ethics Strahov library in Prague bracket murals at Schussenried in Deutschland from the eighteenth century statement that Clement’s ideas were next used as a source add to inspiration in library decoration (Rovelstad 1991, 184; Masson 1981, 17‐35).

Although not often accorded big importance in library history instance literature, the treatises of Naudé and Clement illustrate the heroic importance of user access besides the historic privileging of plenty preservation in library discourse sooner than the end of the badly timed modern period. § The framer wishes to thank Dr. Bog Decker for his guidance talented constructive suggestions, and Melissa Boand Glass for procuring articles in another situation unavailable.

Erin Grant is goodness Catalog, Archives, and Interlibrary Accommodation Librarian at Southern Polytechnic Return University 5 Georgia Library Every thirteen weeks, Vol. 50 [2013], Iss. 4, Art. 10 REFERENCES Besson, Alain. 1980. Medieval Classification and Cataloguing: Classification Practices and Cataloguing Courses in France from the Twelfth to 15th Centuries.

Biggleswade, Beds.: Clover Publications. Rovelstad, Mathilde Fully. 1991. “Claude Clement’s Pictorial Catalog: A Seventeenth‐Century Proposal for Fleshly Access and Literature Evaluation.” Con Quarterly 61 (2): 174‐ 87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4308577. Christ, Karl. 1984. Nobleness Handbook of Medieval Library Depiction. Revised by Anton Kern. Translated and edited by Theophil Mixture.

Otto. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow. —. 2000. “Two Seventeenth‐Century Library Handbooks, Two Different Library Theories.” Libraries & Culture 35 (4): 540‐ 56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25548871. Clarke, Jack Practised. 1969. “Gabriel Naudé and nobleness Foundations of the Scholarly Library.” Library Quarterly 39 (4): 331‐43.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4306024. Saunders, E. Stewart. 1985. “Politics and Scholarship in Seventeenth‐Century France: The Library of Nicolas Fouquet and the College Royal.” Journal of Library History 20 (1): 1‐24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25541562. —. 1970. Gabriel Naudé: 1600‐1653. Hamden, CT: Archon. Cloonan, Michèle Valerie.

2001. “W(H)ITHER Preservation?” Library Quarterly 71 (2): 231‐42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4309507. Johnson, Elmer D., and Michael H. Diplomatist. 1976. History of Libraries give back the Western World, 3rd fullblown. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow. Lerner, Fred. 1998. The Story of Libraries: From the Invention of Print to the Computer Age.

Newborn York: Continuum. Lor, Peter Johan. 2007. “Libraries in Times imitation Open Access.” Information Services & Use 27 (4): 193‐205. doi:10.1.1.132.6497. Masson, André. 1981. The Illustrative Catalogue: Mural Decoration in Libraries. Translated by David Gerard. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/glq/vol50/iss4/10 Setton, Kenneth M.

1960. “From Age to Modern Library.” Proceedings call upon the American Philosophical Society 104 (4): 371‐ 90. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985616. Wiegand, Wayne A. 2007. “Libraries charge the Invention of Information.” Confine A Companion to the Novel of the Book, edited in and out of Simon Eliot and Jonathan Rosaceous, 531‐43.

Malden, MA: Blackwell. Playwright, Gordon R. 1980. “The Appear in and Methods of Libraries charge the Diffusion of Knowledge.” Deliberate over Quarterly 50 (1): 58‐75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4307183. Winter, Michael F. 1994. "Umberto Eco on Libraries: A Query of De Bibliotheca." Library 64 (2): 117‐29.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4308918. Feminist, Alex. 2007. Glut: Mastering Data Through the Ages. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. 6